西尼罗病毒
West Nile virus is commonly found in Africa, West Asia and the Middle East. 它与圣. Louis encephalitis virus, which also is found in the United States. 目前尚不清楚西尼罗河病毒在美国存在了多久.S., but scientists at the 美国疾病控制与预防中心 believe the virus has probably been in the eastern U.S. 从1999年夏天开始,可能更久.
The virus can infect humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses and some other mammals. Most North Americans are susceptible to the virus, although a few may be immune. It is important to note that most individuals exposed to WNV through mosquito bites do not develop any symptoms 或者即使感染了,也只会出现轻微的病毒症状.
Because the spread of West Nile virus is closely linked to mosquitoes, it is considered a seasonal epidemic that flares up in the summer and continues into the fall.
预防
预防 is the best way to protect yourself and your family from West Nile virus. According to the 美国疾病控制与预防中心, fighting mosquito bites is key to reducing your risk of getting WNV and there are many ways to reduce your risk:
下面是更多减少蚊子接触的建议.
避免咬伤
- 使用含有避蚊胺的驱蚊剂
- 用衣服遮盖以减少蚊虫叮咬, 尤其是脚踝,手腕和脖子后面
- Reduce the time you spend outside during peak mosquito time, especially at dawn and dusk
为你的家防蚊
- 排干蚊子喜欢滋生的死水. Mosquitoes breed wherever there is standing water such as puddles, ditches and containers. A small amount of water can hatch thousands of mosquitoes within one week.
- Make sure that doors and windows have tight-fitting screens with no tears and holes
帮助减少社区的风险
- 报告死鸟,尤其是乌鸦, ravens, 喜鹊或松鸦-到当地政府领取和检测. 不要徒手捡起一只死鸟.
- 与当地的蚊子控制项目合作
- 寻找并清除你家附近的积水
旧金山的努力
The San Francisco Department of Public Health has alerted and mobilized groups such as the Public Works Department, Caltrans, 国家公园管理局, 动物园和所有的校园, 包括加州大学旧金山分校, 寻找西尼罗病毒的存在. These groups are working to establish and implement a mosquito inspection, 预防和减少计划.
加州大学旧金山分校的灭蚊项目
The UCSF Office of Environmental Health and Safety and Facilities Management have implemented a mosquito surveillance, 预防和减少计划 to protect the UCSF Medical Center and campus communities. This program includes scheduled inspections for standing water and possible mosquito breeding grounds and clean up of standing water as well as pest control services if needed.
传输
West Nile virus is rarely transmitted from one human to another but rather is spread through the following:
- 受感染的蚊子 一般来说,西尼罗河病毒是通过受感染蚊子的叮咬传播的. 当蚊子以受感染的鸟类为食时,它们就会被感染. Crows, jays, ravens and magpies are particularly susceptible to WNV. 马也易受感染. The virus lives in the mosquito and is transmitted to a new host in the mosquito's saliva when the insect bites a person or animal. The virus is most prevalent from May to October when mosquitoes are most abundant.
- 输血、移植和母婴传播 在极少数情况下, WNV also has spread through blood transfusions and organ transplants, as well as from mother to baby though breastfeeding and during pregnancy.
Human to human transmission does not occur through breathing or by touching, 接吻或性接触.
Symptoms
Approximately 80 percent of people who are infected with West Nile virus will not show any symptoms at all.
大约20%的感染者会发展 西尼罗热,症状包括:
- Fever
- Headache
- 身体疼痛
- Nausea
- Vomiting
有时是淋巴腺肿大或胸部出现皮疹, 胃和背部也会伴随发烧.
大约每150名感染西尼罗河病毒的人中就有一人会发病 严重的疾病. 严重的症状包括:
- 高烧
- Headache
- 脖子僵硬
- 麻木或昏迷
- 定向障碍
- 震颤或抽搐
- 肌肉无力
- 视力丧失
- 麻木和瘫痪
These symptoms may last several weeks and neurological effects may be permanent.
诊断
如果你出现严重的西尼罗病毒病症状, 比如严重的头痛或混乱, 立即就医.
诊断西尼罗河病毒, your doctor will ask about your medical history and assess your risk of exposure to the virus. People who live in or have traveled to areas where West Nile virus activity has been identified are at higher risk. 除了, those 50 years of age or older have the highest risk of developing a severe infection from the virus. If you are determined to be at high risk and have symptoms of West Nile, 你的十大赌博平台排行榜可能会抽血来做出明确的诊断.
The most commonly used laboratory test measures antibodies that are produced very early in an infected person, 称为IgM抗体, 可以在血液或脑脊液(CSF)中测量, 什么是大脑和脊髓周围的液体. This test may not be positive when symptoms first occur but is positive in most infected people within eight days from the onset of symptoms.
严重的西尼罗河病毒疾病通常需要住院治疗. Pregnant women and nursing mothers are encouraged to talk to their doctor if they develop symptoms that could be WNV.
The incubation period for West Nile virus is thought to range from three to 14 days. 症状通常持续3至6天.
Treatment
目前还没有针对西尼罗河病毒的特效治疗方法. In milder cases, people experience symptoms such as fever and aches that pass on their own. 在更严重的情况下, people usually need to go to the hospital to receive supportive treatment including intravenous fluids, 帮助呼吸和护理.
Approximately one in 150 infections will result in severe neurological disease, 包括脑炎和脑膜炎. The most significant risk factor for developing severe neurological disease is advanced age.
其他资源
Find more information about West Nile virus and what you can do to reduce your risk at the 美国疾病控制与预防中心.
Source: This information was adapted from the 美国疾病控制与预防中心 Web site: www.cdc.gov.
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.