胆管癌

迹象 & 症状

胆管癌 is 一种罕见的癌症 found in the tissue of the bile ducts. Tumors produce 症状 by blocking the bile ducts. 常见症状可能包括:

• 泥色凳
• Jaundice, which is a yellowing of the skin and eyes
• 瘙痒
• Abdominal pain that may extend to the back
• 食欲不振
• 不明原因的体重减轻
• 发热
• 发冷

诊断

Your doctor will first ask about your medical history and perform a physical examination. In addition, he or she may order the following tests:

• 计算机断层扫描(CT). An X-ray that uses a computer to provide an image of the inside of the abdomen.
• 磁共振成像(MRI)扫描. This test uses magnetic waves to create an image.
• 超声波. This test uses high-frequency sound waves that echo off the body to create a picture.
• Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). During an ERCP, a flexible tube is inserted down the throat and into the stomach and small intestine. By injecting dye into the drainage tube of the pancreas, your doctor can see the area more clearly.
• 内镜超声(EUS). EUS包括通过一个薄层, flexible tube called an endoscope through the mouth or the anus to exam the lining and walls of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and nearby organs such as the pancreas and gall bladder. The endoscope is equipped with a small ultrasound transducer that produces sounds waves that create a viewable image of the digestive track. When combined with fine needle aspiration, EUS成为最先进的, minimally invasive alternative to exploratory surgery to remove tissue samples from abdominal and other organs. It also may be used to determine the cause of 症状 such as abdominal pain, 评估一个增长, 诊断胰腺疾病, bile duct and gall bladder when other tests are inconclusive and to determine the extent of certain cancers of the lungs or digestive tract.
• Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC). By injecting dye into the bile duct through a thin needle inserted into the liver, 在x射线上可以看到阻塞.
• Bile duct biopsy and fine needle aspiration. A tiny sample of the bile duct fluid or tissue is removed and examined under a microscope.

治疗

手术 and radiation therapy are the two most common treatments for cholangiocarcinoma.

手术

If the cancer is small and has not spread beyond the bile duct, your doctor may remove the whole bile duct and make a new duct by connecting the duct openings in the liver to the intestine. Lymph nodes also will be removed and examined under the microscope to see if they contain cancer. If the cancer has spread and cannot be removed, your doctor may perform surgery to relieve 症状.

If the cancer is blocking the small intestine and bile builds up in the gallbladder, 可能需要手术. 在这个操作过程中, 叫做胆道旁路手术, your doctor will cut the gallbladder or bile duct and sew it to the small intestine.

肿瘤完全切除后, 30 percent to 40 percent of patients survive for at least five years, with the possibility of being completely cured. If the tumor cannot be completely removed, it generally is not possible to cure the patient. 在这些情况下, if you are not a candidate for surgery and have an obstruction, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) can be used to place plastic or metal stents, 哪些有助于排便.

放射治疗

放射治疗 is the use of high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. There are two main types of radiation therapy:

• 外束放射治疗. Radiation comes from a machine outside the body.
• 内部放射治疗. 产生辐射的物质, 被称为放射性同位素, are put into the area where the cancer cells are found through thin plastic tubes.

实验治疗

There are a couple types of therapy that are currently being studied in clinical trials for the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, 包括:

• 化疗. 使用药物杀死癌细胞
• 生物治疗. Uses the body's immune system to fight cancer
• 光动力治疗. Uses a specific type of light and photosensitizing agent to kill cancer cells